Hasken rana shine kowane nau'in makamashin da rana ke samarwa.

Ana samar da makamashin hasken rana ta hanyar haɗakar makaman nukiliya da ke faruwa a rana.Fusion yana faruwa ne lokacin da protons na atom ɗin hydrogen suka yi karo da ƙarfi a cikin tsakiyar rana kuma suka haɗa su don ƙirƙirar atom ɗin helium.

Wannan tsari, wanda aka sani da PP (proton-proton) sarkar dauki, yana fitar da adadi mai yawa na makamashi.A cikin tsakiyarta, rana tana haɗa kusan tan miliyan 620 na hydrogen kowace daƙiƙa.Halin sarkar PP yana faruwa ne a cikin wasu taurarin da suka kai girman rana, kuma yana ba su kuzari da zafi.Yanayin zafin waɗannan taurari yana kusa da digiri miliyan 4 akan ma'aunin Kelvin (kimanin digiri miliyan 4 ma'auni, Fahrenheit miliyan 7).

A cikin taurarin da suka fi rana girma kamar sau 1.3, zagayowar CNO tana motsa halittar makamashi.Zagayen CNO kuma yana jujjuya hydrogen zuwa helium, amma ya dogara da carbon, nitrogen, da oxygen (C, N, da O) don yin hakan.A halin yanzu, kasa da kashi biyu na makamashin rana ana samar da shi ta hanyar zagayowar CNO.

Haɗin nukiliya ta hanyar amsawar sarkar PP ko zagayowar CNO yana fitar da kuzari mai yawa a cikin nau'in raƙuman ruwa da barbashi.Ƙarfin hasken rana yana gudana kullum daga rana da kuma cikin tsarin hasken rana.Ƙarfin hasken rana yana dumama duniya, yana haifar da iska da yanayi, kuma yana riƙe da tsire-tsire da dabbobi.

Ƙarfi, zafi, da haske daga rana suna gudana ta hanyar hasken lantarki (EMR).

Bakan na lantarki yana wanzuwa azaman raƙuman ruwa na mitoci daban-daban da tsayin raƙuman ruwa.Mitar igiyar igiyar ruwa tana wakiltar sau nawa igiyar ta sake maimaita kanta a cikin ƙayyadadden lokaci.Raƙuman ruwa masu ɗan gajeren zango suna maimaita kansu sau da yawa a cikin raka'a da aka ba su, don haka suna da yawa.Sabanin haka, ƙananan raƙuman ruwa suna da tsayin tsayin raƙuman ruwa.

Yawancin igiyoyin lantarki na lantarki ba su ganuwa gare mu.Mafi girman raƙuman ruwa da rana ke fitarwa su ne hasken gamma, X-ray, da kuma hasken ultraviolet (UV rays).Mafi yawan haskoki na UV suna kusan mamaye sararin duniya gaba ɗaya.Ƙananan haskoki na UV suna tafiya ta cikin yanayi, kuma suna iya haifar da kunar rana.

Har ila yau, rana tana fitar da infrared radiation, wanda raƙuman ruwa ba su da yawa.Yawancin zafi daga rana yana zuwa a matsayin makamashin infrared.

Sandwiched tsakanin infrared da UV shine bakan da ake iya gani, wanda ya ƙunshi dukkan launukan da muke gani a duniya.Launin ja yana da mafi tsayin raƙuman raƙuman ruwa (mafi kusa da infrared), da kuma violet (mafi kusa da UV) mafi guntu.

Natural Solar Energy

Tasirin Greenhouse
Infrared, bayyane, da raƙuman ruwa na UV waɗanda suka isa Duniya suna shiga cikin tsarin ɗumamar duniyar da kuma sa rayuwa ta yiwu - abin da ake kira "sakamako na greenhouse."

Kusan kashi 30 cikin 100 na makamashin hasken rana da ya isa duniya ana nunawa a sararin samaniya.Sauran suna shiga cikin yanayin duniya.Radiyon yana dumama saman duniya, kuma saman yana haskaka wasu makamashin baya a cikin nau'in raƙuman ruwa na infrared.Yayin da suke tashi ta cikin sararin samaniya, iskar gas mai gurɓata yanayi, kamar tururin ruwa da carbon dioxide suna kama su.

Gas na Greenhouse suna tarko zafin da ke nuna baya zuwa cikin yanayi.Ta wannan hanyar, suna aiki kamar bangon gilashin greenhouse.Wannan tasirin greenhouse yana sa duniya ta yi dumi sosai don ci gaba da rayuwa.

Photosynthesis
Kusan duk rayuwa a duniya ta dogara ne da makamashin hasken rana don abinci, ko dai kai tsaye ko a kaikaice.

Masu kera sun dogara kai tsaye kan makamashin hasken rana.Suna ɗaukar hasken rana kuma suna mayar da shi zuwa abubuwan gina jiki ta hanyar tsarin da ake kira photosynthesis.Masu samarwa, wanda kuma ake kira autotrophs, sun haɗa da tsire-tsire, algae, ƙwayoyin cuta, da fungi.Autotrophs sune tushen gidan yanar gizon abinci.

Masu amfani sun dogara ga masu samarwa don gina jiki.Dabbobin ciyawa, masu cin nama, omnivores, da abubuwan da ba su da amfani sun dogara da makamashin hasken rana a kaikaice.Herbivores suna cin tsire-tsire da sauran masu samarwa.Carnivores da omnivores suna cin duka masu samarwa da masu ciyawa.Detritivores yana lalata shuka da dabba ta hanyar cinye shi.

Fossil Fuels
Photosynthesis kuma shine ke da alhakin duk wani bututun mai a duniya.Masana kimiyya sun kiyasta cewa kimanin shekaru biliyan uku da suka wuce, autotrophs na farko sun samo asali ne a cikin yanayin ruwa.Hasken rana ya ƙyale rayuwar shuka ta bunƙasa da haɓakawa.Bayan autotrophs sun mutu, sun bazu kuma sun koma cikin duniya, wani lokacin dubban mita.Wannan tsari ya ci gaba har tsawon miliyoyin shekaru.

Ƙarƙashin matsi mai tsanani da yanayin zafi, waɗannan ragowar sun zama abin da muka sani a matsayin mai.Kwayoyin halitta sun zama man fetur, iskar gas, da kwal.

Mutane sun ɓullo da matakai don hako waɗannan burbushin mai da amfani da su don makamashi.Duk da haka, burbushin mai albarkatun da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba.Suna ɗaukar miliyoyin shekaru don kafawa.

Harnessing Solar Energy

Makamashin hasken rana wata hanya ce mai sabuntawa, kuma yawancin fasahohin na iya girbe shi kai tsaye don amfani a gidaje, kasuwanci, makarantu, da asibitoci.Wasu fasahohin makamashin hasken rana sun haɗa da sel na hotovoltaic da fanatoci, daɗaɗɗen makamashin hasken rana, da gine-ginen hasken rana.

Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban na kama hasken rana da canza shi zuwa makamashi mai amfani.Hanyoyin suna amfani da ko dai mai aiki da hasken rana ko makamashin hasken rana.

Fasahar hasken rana mai aiki tana amfani da na'urorin lantarki ko injina don juyar da makamashin hasken rana zuwa wani nau'in makamashi, galibi zafi ko wutar lantarki.Ƙwarewar fasahar hasken rana ba sa amfani da kowane na'ura na waje.Maimakon haka, suna amfani da yanayin gida don dumama tsarin a lokacin hunturu, kuma suna nuna zafi a lokacin bazara.

Photovoltaics

Photovoltaics wani nau'i ne na fasahar hasken rana mai aiki wanda aka gano a cikin 1839 ta masanin kimiyyar lissafi dan kasar Faransa Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel mai shekaru 19.Becquerel ya gano cewa lokacin da ya sanya azurfa-chloride a cikin wani acidic acid kuma ya fallasa shi ga hasken rana, electrodes na platinum da ke makale da shi sun haifar da wutar lantarki.Wannan tsari na samar da wutar lantarki kai tsaye daga hasken rana ana kiransa tasirin photovoltaic, ko photovoltaics.

A yau, photovoltaics mai yiwuwa ita ce hanyar da aka saba da ita don amfani da makamashin hasken rana.Ƙaƙƙarfan hotunan hoto yakan haɗa da hasken rana, tarin yawa ko ma ɗaruruwan ƙwayoyin hasken rana.

Kowace tantanin rana ya ƙunshi semiconductor, yawanci an yi shi da silicon.Lokacin da semiconductor ya sha hasken rana, yana buga electrons sako-sako.Filin lantarki yana jagorantar waɗannan sako-sako da electrons zuwa wutar lantarki, suna gudana ta hanya ɗaya.Lambobin ƙarfe a sama da ƙasa na tantanin rana suna kai tsaye zuwa wani abu na waje.Abun waje yana iya zama ƙanƙanta kamar ƙididdiga mai ƙarfi da hasken rana ko girmansa kamar tashar wutar lantarki.

An fara amfani da Photovoltaics sosai akan jiragen sama.Yawancin tauraron dan adam, ciki har da tashar sararin samaniya ta kasa da kasa (ISS), suna da fadi, "fuka-fuki" na bangarorin hasken rana.ISS tana da fikafikan tsarar rana guda biyu (SAWs), kowanne yana amfani da kusan sel 33,000.Wadannan sel masu daukar hoto suna ba da dukkan wutar lantarki ga ISS, suna baiwa 'yan sama jannati damar sarrafa tashar, su zauna lafiya a sararin samaniya na tsawon watanni a lokaci guda, da gudanar da gwaje-gwajen kimiyya da injiniya.

An gina tashoshin wutar lantarki na Photovoltaic a duk faɗin duniya.Manyan tashoshi suna cikin Amurka, Indiya, da China.Wadannan tashoshi na wutar lantarki suna fitar da daruruwan megawatts na wutar lantarki, wadanda ake amfani da su wajen samar da gidaje, kasuwanci, makarantu, da asibitoci.

Hakanan za'a iya shigar da fasahar hotovoltaic akan ƙaramin sikeli.Za a iya daidaita sassan hasken rana da sel zuwa rufin ko bangon waje na gine-gine, suna ba da wutar lantarki don tsarin.Ana iya sanya su a kan hanyoyin zuwa manyan hanyoyi masu haske.Kwayoyin hasken rana ƙanana ne da za su iya kunna ko da ƙananan na'urori, kamar ƙididdigewa, mitoci, na'urorin shara, da famfunan ruwa.

Ƙaddamar da Makamashin Solar

Wani nau'in fasaha mai aiki da hasken rana shine mai daɗaɗɗen makamashin hasken rana ko ƙarfin hasken rana mai ƙarfi (CSP).Fasahar CSP tana amfani da ruwan tabarau da madubai don mayar da hankali (maida hankali) hasken rana daga babban yanki zuwa ƙaramin yanki.Wannan yanki mai tsananin zafi yana dumama ruwa, wanda hakan ke haifar da wutar lantarki ko kuma tada wani tsari.

Tanderun hasken rana misali ne na tattara ƙarfin hasken rana.Akwai nau'ikan tanderun hasken rana iri-iri da yawa, gami da hasumiya ta hasken rana, magudanar ruwa, da masu haskaka Fresnel.Suna amfani da wannan hanyar gabaɗaya don kamawa da canza kuzari.

Hasumiya ta hasken rana suna amfani da heliostats, madubai masu lebur waɗanda ke jujjuya zuwa bin baka ta sararin sama.An shirya madubin a kewayen tsakiyar “hasumiya mai tarawa,” kuma suna nuna hasken rana cikin hasken hasken da ke haskakawa a kan wani wurin da ke kan hasumiya.

A cikin zane-zanen da aka yi a baya na hasumiya mai amfani da hasken rana, hasken rana mai ta'azzara yana dumama kwandon ruwa, wanda ya samar da tururi mai amfani da injin turbin.Kwanan nan, wasu hasumiya na hasken rana suna amfani da ruwa sodium, wanda ke da ƙarfin zafi mafi girma kuma yana riƙe da zafi na tsawon lokaci.Wannan yana nufin cewa ruwan ba kawai ya kai yanayin zafi na 773 zuwa 1,273K (500° zuwa 1,000° C ko 932° zuwa 1,832°F), amma yana iya ci gaba da tafasa ruwa da samar da wuta koda kuwa rana ba ta haskakawa.

Wuraren parabolic da Fresnel reflectors suma suna amfani da CSP, amma madubin su suna da siffa daban-daban.Madubai na Parabolic suna lanƙwasa, tare da siffar kama da sirdi.Fresnel reflectors suna amfani da lebur, siraran madubi don ɗaukar hasken rana da kai shi kan bututun ruwa.Fresnel reflectors suna da filaye fiye da tarkace kuma suna iya tattara ƙarfin rana zuwa kusan sau 30 ƙarfinsa na yau da kullun.

An fara haɓaka masana'antar sarrafa hasken rana a cikin 1980s.Babban wurin aiki a duniya shine jerin tsire-tsire a cikin Desert Mojave a jihar California ta Amurka.Wannan tsarin samar da makamashin hasken rana (SEGS) yana samar da wutar lantarki sama da gigawatt 650 a kowace shekara.An samar da wasu manyan tsire-tsire masu inganci a Spain da Indiya.

Hakanan za'a iya amfani da ƙarfin ƙarfin hasken rana akan ƙaramin ma'auni.Zai iya haifar da zafi ga masu dafa abinci na hasken rana, alal misali.Mutanen da ke ƙauyuka a duk faɗin duniya suna amfani da injin dafa abinci don dafa ruwa don tsabtace muhalli da kuma dafa abinci.

Masu girki masu amfani da hasken rana suna ba da fa'idodi da yawa fiye da murhun itace: Ba haɗari ba ne na wuta, ba sa hayaki, ba sa buƙatar mai, da rage asarar mazauna a cikin dazuzzuka inda za a girbe bishiyoyi don mai.Masu girki masu amfani da hasken rana kuma suna ba mazauna ƙauye damar neman lokaci don neman ilimi, kasuwanci, lafiya, ko iyali a lokacin da a da ake amfani da ita don tara itace.Ana amfani da masu dafa abinci na hasken rana a yankuna daban-daban kamar Chadi, Isra'ila, Indiya, da Peru.

Gine-ginen Solar

A tsawon tsawon yini, makamashin hasken rana wani bangare ne na tafiyar da yanayin zafi, ko motsin zafi daga wuri mai dumi zuwa mai sanyaya.Lokacin da rana ta fito, takan fara dumama abubuwa da abubuwa a duniya.A duk tsawon yini, waɗannan kayan suna ɗaukar zafi daga hasken rana.Da daddare, lokacin da rana ta faɗi kuma yanayin ya yi sanyi, kayan suna sake sake zafinsu cikin yanayin.

Dabarun makamashin hasken rana masu wucewa suna amfani da wannan tsarin dumama da sanyaya.

Gidaje da sauran gine-gine suna amfani da makamashin hasken rana don rarraba zafi cikin inganci da rahusa.Kididdigar “masu zafi” na gini misali ne na wannan.Yawan zafin jiki na ginin shine mafi yawan kayan da ake dumama cikin yini.Misalai na yawan zafin jiki na gini sune itace, ƙarfe, siminti, yumbu, dutse, ko laka.Da daddare, yawan zafin jiki ya sake sakin zafi a cikin ɗakin.Tsarukan samun iska mai inganci—hanyoyin falo, tagogi, da magudanan iska — suna rarraba iskar da aka ɗumama da kiyaye matsakaici, daidaitaccen zafin gida.

Fasahar amfani da hasken rana sau da yawa tana shiga cikin ƙirar gini.Misali, a matakin tsara gine-gine, injiniyan injiniya ko gine-gine na iya daidaita ginin da hanyar rana don samun hasken rana mai kyawawa.Wannan hanyar tana yin la'akari da latitude, tsayi, da murfin gajimare na wani yanki na musamman.Bugu da ƙari, ana iya gina gine-gine ko sake gyarawa don samun rufin zafi, yawan zafin jiki, ko ƙarin shading.

Sauran misalan ƙirar gine-ginen hasken rana sune rufin sanyi, shingen haske, da koren rufin.Rufin sanyi fentin fari ne, kuma yana nuna hasken rana maimakon ɗaukar shi.Farin saman yana rage yawan zafin da ke shiga cikin ginin, wanda hakan ke rage yawan kuzarin da ake bukata don sanyaya ginin.

Shingayen haske suna aiki iri ɗaya don sanyaya rufin.Suna samar da rufi tare da abubuwa masu haske sosai, kamar foil na aluminum.Rubutun yana nunawa, maimakon sha, zafi, kuma yana iya rage farashin sanyaya har zuwa kashi 10.Baya ga rufin da bene, ana iya shigar da shinge masu haske a ƙarƙashin benaye.

Koren rufin rufi ne wanda aka lulluɓe da ciyayi gaba ɗaya.Suna buƙatar ƙasa da ban ruwa don tallafawa tsire-tsire, da Layer mai hana ruwa a ƙasa.Koren rufin ba wai kawai rage yawan zafin da ake sha ko rasa ba, har ma yana samar da ciyayi.Ta hanyar photosynthesis, tsire-tsiren da ke kan koren rufin rufin suna shayar da carbon dioxide kuma suna fitar da iskar oxygen.Suna tace abubuwa masu gurɓata ruwa daga ruwan sama da iska, da kuma magance wasu illolin amfani da makamashi a wannan sararin samaniya.

Koren rufi ya kasance al'ada a Scandinavia tsawon ƙarni, kuma kwanan nan ya zama sananne a Ostiraliya, Yammacin Turai, Kanada, da Amurka.Misali, Kamfanin Motoci na Ford ya rufe murabba'in murabba'in mita 42,000 (ƙafa 450,000) na rufin ginin shuka a Dearborn, Michigan, tare da ciyayi.Baya ga rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli, rufin yana rage kwararar guguwa ta hanyar shan ruwan sama da santimita da dama.

Koren rufin da rufin sanyi kuma na iya magance tasirin "tsibirin zafi na birni".A cikin birane masu aiki, zafin jiki na iya kasancewa akai-akai sama da wuraren da ke kewaye.Dalilai da dama ne ke haifar da haka: An gina garuruwa da kayan aiki irin su kwalta da siminti masu ɗaukar zafi;dogayen gine-gine suna toshe iska da tasirinsa na sanyaya;kuma yawan zafin sharar gida yana haifar da masana'antu, zirga-zirga, da yawan jama'a.Yin amfani da sararin da ke kan rufin don dasa bishiyu, ko nuna zafi tare da farar rufi, na iya ɗan rage yawan zafin gida a yankunan birane.

Solar Energy da Mutane

Tun da hasken rana kawai ke haskakawa kusan rabin yini a yawancin sassan duniya, fasahar makamashin hasken rana dole ne su haɗa da hanyoyin adana makamashi a cikin sa'o'i masu duhu.

Tsarin dumama zafi yana amfani da kakin paraffin ko nau'ikan gishiri daban-daban don adana kuzari a cikin yanayin zafi.Tsarin hotovoltaic na iya aika wutar lantarki mai yawa zuwa grid ɗin wutar lantarki na gida, ko adana makamashin a cikin batura masu caji.

Akwai ribobi da fursunoni da yawa ga amfani da makamashin hasken rana.

Amfani
Babban fa'ida ga amfani da makamashin hasken rana shine albarkatun da ake sabunta su.Za mu sami tsayayyen hasken rana mara iyaka har tsawon shekaru biliyan biyar.A cikin sa'a daya, yanayin duniya yana samun isasshen hasken rana da zai iya samar da wutar lantarkin kowane dan Adam a doron kasa tsawon shekara guda.

Ƙarfin hasken rana yana da tsabta.Bayan da aka gina na'urorin fasahar hasken rana da kuma sanya su, makamashin hasken rana baya buƙatar man fetur don aiki.Hakanan baya fitar da iskar gas ko kayan guba.Yin amfani da makamashin hasken rana na iya rage tasirin da muke da shi a muhalli.

Akwai wuraren da makamashin rana ke aiki.Gidaje da gine-gine a wuraren da ke da yawan hasken rana da ƙananan murfin gajimare suna da damar yin amfani da makamashi mai yawa na rana.

Masu girki masu amfani da hasken rana suna ba da kyakkyawan madadin dafa abinci tare da murhun itace—wanda har yanzu mutane biliyan biyu ke dogaro da shi.Masu girki masu amfani da hasken rana suna ba da hanya mafi tsabta da aminci don tsabtace ruwa da dafa abinci.

Makamashin hasken rana yana cika wasu hanyoyin samar da makamashi da ake sabunta su, kamar iska ko makamashin ruwa.

Gidaje ko kasuwancin da ke shigar da manyan na'urorin hasken rana na iya haifar da wuce gona da iri.Waɗannan masu gida ko masu kasuwanci na iya sayar da makamashi ga mai samar da wutar lantarki, rage ko ma kawar da kuɗin wutar lantarki.

Rashin amfani
Babban abin hana amfani da hasken rana shine kayan aikin da ake buƙata.Kayan fasahar hasken rana yana da tsada.Saye da shigar da kayan aikin na iya kashe dubun-dubatar daloli don gidaje ɗaya.Ko da yake gwamnati sau da yawa tana bayar da rage haraji ga mutane da ’yan kasuwa masu amfani da hasken rana, kuma fasahar na iya kawar da kuɗaɗen wutar lantarki, farashin farko ya yi yawa don mutane da yawa su yi la’akari da su.

Kayan makamashin hasken rana ma suna da nauyi.Domin sake gyarawa ko sanya na'urorin hasken rana akan rufin gini, rufin dole ne ya kasance mai ƙarfi, babba, kuma ya nufi hanyar rana.

Dukansu fasahar hasken rana mai aiki da m sun dogara ne akan abubuwan da ba su da iko da mu, kamar yanayi da murfin gajimare.Dole ne a yi nazarin yankunan gida don sanin ko hasken rana zai yi tasiri ko a'a a wannan yanki.

Hasken rana dole ne ya kasance mai yawa kuma ya daidaita don hasken rana ya zama zaɓi mai inganci.A mafi yawan wurare a duniya, bambancin hasken rana yana sa da wuya a iya aiwatarwa a matsayin tushen makamashi kaɗai.